Advantages of Telecommuting Essay -- Employment Work Papers

Points of interest of Telecommuting Today much spotlight is being set on the capacity of associations (private, and open) to expand their profitability, and nature of administration. Subsequently it is important to improve the prosperity of representatives, decline pointless expenses, and upgrade the intensity of the association. Given this, it is no mishap that working from home, is one of the biggest developing territories, in adaptable elective work routines. The impact of globalization over all perspectives, of numerous economies, likewise builds the adequacy of working from home. Presently, like never before, numerous representatives are exploiting finishing their work in an elective workplace. Focal points can be unmistakable, for example, decrease in office space, or immaterial, for example, improved family life. Worker favorable circumstances incorporate opportunity, diminished attire costs, and expanded good. Managers likewise advantage from working from home. Decreased non-attendance, and diminished money rel ated expense, are just two reasons why a business ought to consider actualizing a working from home program. There are likewise ecological favorable circumstances to recognize, with respect to working from home, for example, the decrease of traffic, and in this manner the decrease of contamination. Turning off, from the achievement of working from home, are organizations, who offer assistance, with consolidating working from home, for example, HOMEWORKS, and JALA International, Inc. A few organizations list occupations for individuals keen on working from home positions. In any case, there are likewise proficient associations built up to upgrade the exhibition of remote workers, similar to the International Telework Association and Council (ITAC) . My own involvement in working from home has been certain to the point that I felt it was important to investigate it's focal points, an... ...rnational Inc., www.jala.com/ustcforecast.htm Official statements, JALA International Inc., www.jala.com/whatsnew.htm JALA and Telework, JALA International Inc., www.jala.com/history.htm Schoolworks for Telecommuting, www.coronado.ca.us/TMA/homeworks.html Report on the Home Office Computing Survey of Telecommuting Practices, Amy Bellinger, Helen LeVan, Article, Home Office Computing Magazine, www.bluemarble.net/~amyloo/tele.html#profile AT&T Releases Results of Telecommuting Day Survey, Released 9/20/94, www.att.com/press/0994/940920.chc.html Promoting Firms Wrestle with Telecommuting, 11/10/98, American Marketing Association 1998, http://www.shrm.org/hrnews/. US Telecommuting Trend Surpasses 11 Million: Strong Economy, Internet Spur Growth, Article, International Telework Association and Council (ITAC) WebSite, www.telecommute.org

Can Torture Ever Be Morally Justified Essay Example

Could Torture Ever Be Morally Justified? Article Question 4 Basing your contentions on the choice of the House of Lords in A(FC) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [2005] UKHL 71 and the article by W. L. Twining and P. E. Twining ‘Bentham on Torture’ at vol. 24 Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 305, what is ethically amiss with torment? Could it ever be ethically advocated? Provided that this is true, when? If not, why not? Torment is definitely not a well known practice among any created society. To a few, it is an amazingly emotive word, the insignificant expression of which infers sentiments of appall and scorn towards the individuals who may even consider utilizing torment, for whatever reason. Be that as it may, maybe these individuals rush to excuse torment without truly pondering it. For all that isn't right with torment, there might be defended utilizes for it. Despite the fact that such a circumstance which offers ascend to satisfactory torment is an outrageous irregularity, it could be a misstep to just forbid the utilization of torment completely. One could lament such a choice when the opportunity arrives that torment isn't simply worthy, however vital, for a more noteworthy great. This will be considered in a lot more noteworthy profundity later on in the article. To offer lucidity to the contention, it will be part into three segments followed by an end. First it will be important to characterize the word ‘torture’. It is a remarkably wide term so a few cutoff points to the extent that its utilization inside this paper is concerned will be required. Besides I will address the topic of what is ethically amiss with torment. It is difficult to deny that almost everything about torment is ethically offensive. Nonetheless, as I will endeavor to contend in the third piece of the exposition, there are times when torment could be ethically defended. A few models will be given to help delineate these circumstances. We will compose a custom paper test on Can Torture Ever Be Morally Justified? explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Can Torture Ever Be Morally Justified? explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Can Torture Ever Be Morally Justified? explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer A short end will follow. All through the article, references will be made to the judgment of the House of Lords in A(FC) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [2005] UKHL 71, W. L. Twining and P. E. Twining’s article ‘Bentham on Torture’ at vol. 24 Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 305 just as different sources. Torment is an equivocal word. The term can be applied not exclusively to circumstances where one is purposefully perpetrating torment on another, however it can likewise be utilized to portray any type of extreme torment regardless of how it is caused. So as to constrain disarray it is basic to limit what is implied by ‘torture’ with regards to this paper. Its definition fluctuates from word reference to word reference yet the general accord is that is includes the punishment of serious mental or physical agony for reasons of retaliation, satisfaction or intimidation. At this stage I wish to bring up that in no circumstance is torment for the motivations behind requital or satisfaction ever reasonable. Indeed, even on account of the most productive, shocking guilty party, the activity of torment would not be worthy only in compatibility of the ‘eye for an eye’ method of reasoning, or for negligible fulfillment. One need just gander at human rights enactment and shows far and wide to see how all inclusive this view is. A differentiation is fundamental, hence, between these sorts of torment and torment with the end goal of intimidation. Jeremy Bentham characterizes torment in this sense as ‘where an individual is made to endure any rough agony of body so as to force him to accomplish something or stop from accomplishing something which done or halted from the correctional application is promptly made to cease’[1]. This is the definition to tolerate as a top priority inside this article. Any type of torment which is to be adequate for this reason would need to be intense and transitory. On the off chance that a torment ‘victim’ knows the torment of the torment will last well after its application, he has to a lesser degree an impulse to do what is expected of him. The greater part of the debate on torment lies around torment for compulsion, as there are various promoters of torment to legitimize an end, for example, Bentham himself, especially where torment is outrightly the lesser of two indecencies. This subject will be come back to once the ethical contentions against torment have been thought of. As Twining call attention to in their article â€Å"Bentham on Torture†, ‘the right of the individual not to be exposed to torment appears to be one of the least demanding [fundamental human rights] to contend for philosophically’. General feelings are so threatening towards torment that it has gotten impressively less thought by scholastics and scholars than other legitimate zones of discussion. The greatest issue with torment is that it is so obligated to manhandle and that slowly it will turn out to be progressively satisfactory to torment individuals for lesser wrongdoings. As Lord Hope of Craighead said in A v Secretary of State for the Home Department (above) â€Å"Once torment has become acclimatized in a legitimate framework it spreads like an irresistible infection, solidifying and brutalizing the individuals who have gotten acquainted with its utilization. † This is hard to deny. When one extraordinary case brings about torment, less and less outrageous cases will have comparable results. At the same time torturers will be all the more ready to utilize increasingly excruciating and merciless types of torment as they become familiar with incurring torment. Because of the idea of torment, the enduring incurred isn't at all with respect to the wrongdoing, however to the purpose of the person in question. This could prompt a frightfully lopsided measure of agony being applied onto the person in question. This dangerous slant contention is especially basic among hostile to torment advocates since it is valid in varying backgrounds, so a powerful contention to the opposite is practically difficult to define. For instance, similarly as once automatic rifle fighting was viewed as frightful, we have since proceeded onward to atomic fighting, with assault rifle fights apparently increasingly worthy and manageable in examination. On the off chance that we begin tormenting individuals for data in regards to the whereabouts of bombs or other huge scope dangers, to what extent until it gets adequate to torment individuals for paltry issues, for example, the names and whereabouts of convicts’ accessories? Bentham appears to approve the utilization of torment so as to find assistants. While his contentions are noteworthy[2], any proof acquired through torment viewing accessories will be as unsure as an admission got through torment, which is something Bentham incomprehensibly considers to be ‘of no use’. This connections in with the second significant issue with torment; that it regularly doesn't work. Individuals will say anything to stop or forestall torment being attested against them †lies, misleading statements. Much data separated through torment will set aside some effort to confirm, and some data won't be evident by any stretch of the imagination (on account of torment to change peoples’ strict and political perspectives, how does the torturer know whether the casualty is certified when he affirms to submit? ). Tormenting for data with respect to foe powers has commonly demonstrated insufficient; particularly in light of the fact that frequently the individuals what fight's identity is stalwarts, and would prefer to be tormented to death than deceive their motivation. As Amnesty International put it; â€Å"Can we rout revolts, revolutionaries and fear based oppression by turning to torment and abuse? The exercise of history is that we can’t. †[3] It is to a great extent hence (albeit other good issues with torment are still huge) that admissions obtained through orture are questionable, and are currently unacceptable in English courts. Ruler Hoffman, just as the vast majority of different appointed authorities sitting in the House of Lords for A v Secretary of State for the Home Department, made this bounteously clear: â€Å"Those [tortuous] techniques might be with the end goal that it would bargain the uprightness of the legal procedure, shame the organization of equity, if the procedures were to be engaged or the proof conceded †¦In my feeling consequently, there is a general guideline that proof acquired by torment is forbidden in legal procedures. The adjudicators, plainly on edge to abstain from ‘bring British equity into disrepute’[4], have the full help of Bentham, who accurately sees that if an appointed authority (or jury) is fulfilled of a man’s blame without admission, there is no compelling reason to put him to torment to acquire such an admission. On the off chance that not, at that point that man ought not be exposed to torment at any rate. Another contention concerns not the casualties of torment, yet the individuals who might complete it against them. It is one result of torment which isn't ordinarily thought of, maybe on the grounds that it is hard to imagine precisely of the impacts that tormenting others may have on the torturer. The best records originate from the individuals who have been tormented. Various sources detail the impacts it can have on the individuals who practice torment. In the Twining article is a letter composed by George Mangakis, a torment casualty: ‘I have seen the torturer’s face nearby other people. It was in a more terrible condition than my own dying, incensed face’. Merle L. Pribbenow of the CIA stated, about Vietnamese torturers â€Å"if you converse with individuals who have been tormented, that gives you a truly smart thought not just regarding what it does to them, however what it never really individuals who do it. One of my primary issues with torment is the thing that it does to the folks who really incur the torment. It does terrible things. † It is positively a substantial contention against torment. There are likewise some different contentions c

The Social Contract of John Locke Essay Example for Free

The Social Contract of John Locke Essay Presentation The idea of the implicit agreement originates from Socrates, as depicted by Plato in Crito. â€Å"Then the laws will say: ‘Consider, Socrates, in the event that we are talking really that in your current endeavor you will do us a physical issue. For, having carried you into the world, and supported and taught you, and given you and each other resident an offer in each great which we needed to give, we further declare to any Athenian by the freedom which we permit him, that on the off chance that he doesn't care for us when he has happened to age and has seen the methods of the city, and made our associate, he may go where he satisfies and take his merchandise with him. None of us laws will deny him or meddle with him. Any individual who doesn't care for us and the city, and who needs to emigrate to a province or to some other city, may go where he prefers, holding his property. However, he who has understanding of the way in which we request equity and oversee the state, and still remains, has gone into a suggested agreement that he will do as we compliment him. What's more, he who defies us is, as we keep up, thrice off-base; first, on the grounds that in ignoring us he is defying his folks; besides, on the grounds that we are the creators of his instruction; thirdly, on the grounds that he has settled on a concurrence with us that he will properly comply with our orders; and he neither obeys them nor persuades us that our orders are shameful; and we don't impolitely force them, yet give him the option of obeying or persuading us;â€that is the thing that we offer, and he does not one or the other (Philosophy, 2011).† As indicated by implicit agreement hypothesis (SCT), profound quality comprises in the arrangement of decides administering conduct that judicious individuals would acknowledge, on condition that others acknowledge them also (Kary, 2000). There are a few ramifications of SCT. These suggestions are things that are important for the endurance of any general public (Kary, 2000). 1. Assurance of life and property. This will make the requirement for a police power. In order to protect that murders, ambush, robbery and vandalism violations are not dedicated. 2. Decides that would be expected to make sure about the advantages of social living. This is making ramifications for the breaking of agreements (for example guarantees) and a general prerequisite of truth-telling. 3. Assurance of society against outside dangers. This suggestion makes the requirement for a military. 4. Otherâ important stuff †these are things that are ostensibly, ought to be a piece of the implicit understanding (for example it would be in everyone’s enthusiasm to have them incorporate (Kary, 2000). The admonition to that is, a general public may have the option to endure (if not flourish) without them. The creator will talk about the various hypotheses yet more explicitly John Locke’s implicit agreement hypothesis and how it identifies with the criminal equity framework and security specialists. Four Main Social Contract Theories There are four basic implicit understanding hypotheses that the creator will talk about, thoroughly analyze. They are: assent of the represented, characteristic law and constitutionalism, unsaid assent and voluntarism. Assent of the Governed â€Å"Consent of the governed† is an expression from the United States Declaration of Independence. It is equivalent with a political hypothesis wherein a government’s authenticity and good option to utilize state power is possibly legitimized and legitimate when gotten from the individuals or society over which the political force is worked out (Bookman, 1984). This hypothesis of â€Å"consent† is verifiably differentiated to the heavenly right of lords and has frequently been conjured against the authenticity of imperialism (Bookman, 1984). There are a few sorts of assent: consistent assent, theoretical assent and unmistakable versus inferred assent (Bookman, 1984). The subtleties of each kind of assent are not examined in this undertaking, yet are referenced so the peruser knows that they exist. Characteristic law and Constitutionalism Characteristic law is a law or collection of laws that gets from nature and is accepted to be authoritative upon human activities separated from or related to laws built up by human power. Constitutionalism in its most straightforward structure is â€Å"a complex of thoughts, mentalities, and examples of conduct expounding the rule that the authority of government gets from and is constrained by a group of central law. Unsaid Consent. The (law) unsaid is detached endorsement of someone’s bad behavior. Likewise it is additionally depicted as mystery endorsement or conspiracy. Another method of saying this isâ when one doesn't really express their understanding, however doesn't bring up any criticism (in voice or recorded as a hard copy) to a specific strategy (i.e.; by standing quiet). Voluntarism. Voluntarism is utilization of or dependence on intentional activity to keep up an organization, do an arrangement, or accomplish an end. It is likewise a hypothesis or tenet that views the will as the essential rule of the individual or the universe as opposed to the insight as the key office or rule in human exercises and experience. John Locke’s Social Contract Theory Implicit agreement Theory. Implicit agreement is the show between men that plans to dispose of the condition of nature. Under condition of nature individuals live without government or composed laws. Individuals live under standards of equity that every single typical individuals can see through explanation, they incorporate right to life, freedom and bequests. The vast majority look to follow these standards yet the issue is absence of unequivocal composed laws that prompts vulnerability and trouble to determine questions (Nyamaka, 2011). Nyamaka (2011) talks about the answer for the issues under condition of nature turns into an implicit agreement where individuals consent to comply with the state, let the state make and authorize laws and individuals pay the state for its administrations. The state sets up lawmaking bodies, unprejudiced adjudicators and masters. Inside this understanding the government’s obligation is to ensure everyone’s rights and if the legislature disregards the implicit agreement, individuals may topple it (Nyamaka, 2011). There are two principal thoughts that are communicated in the implicit understanding wherein the human psyche consistently sticks the estimation of freedom; the possibility that â€Å"will† and not power is the premise of government; and the estimation of equity or the possibility that â€Å"right† and not â€Å"might† is the premise of all political society and each arrangement of political request. Key Principles Presently in seeing implicit agreement hypothesis through according to John Locke’s we find that he contended that sway dwelled in the individuals for whom governments were trustees and that such government could be authentically ousted on the off chance that they neglected to release their capacities to the individuals (Nyamaka, 2011). Locke attempted to raise viable protections againstâ violations of normal law by the legislature. He reliably voiced that sovereign didn't take all rights; the standard rights stayed with the individuals. Locke additionally contended that power didn't dwell in the state (government) yet with the individuals, and that the state was preeminent, however just on the off chance that it was limited by common and normal law (Kary, 2000). It is to be noticed that Locke had confidence in the administered as the premise of sway and the condition of the underwriter of individuals’ freedom. It should be comprehended that to Locke, under implicit ag reement power was given up not to the sovereign yet to the network. He stated, â€Å"there and there just was a political society where everybody in the general public had stopped his common force, surrendered it up under the control of the community† (Nyamaka, 2011). In utilizing the â€Å"there and there only†, Locke was stressing the significance of the WILL of the individuals in framing a political society (Nyamaka, 2011). In this general public/network each part given up his/her normal force with unrestrained choice unequivocally or verifiably and surrendered it in the hands of the network in return for the release of capacities to the individuals, thusly a political society becomes with capacity to safeguard property and rebuff offenses (Kary, 2000). Traveling through this procedure the creator will currently take a gander at how John Locke’s hypothesis identifies with the Bill of Rights. The U.S. Bill of Rights. In taking a gander at John Locke’s implicit agreement hypothesis, one finds in this procedure that the force can't be more than that of the individuals or more than the force that the individuals had in a condition of nature before they went into a general public and offered it to the network for no one can give more than what he/she has. In taking a gander at John Locke’s clarification of the term network implies the administration of the individuals by the individuals for the individuals, understanding this implies network rights will/ought to beat singular rights and the rights are given up in to network in light of the fact that the sovereign is the individuals and just wants the individuals. Subsequently, hands of the network mean the senator who is administering by the WILL of the individuals (Nyamaka, 2011). Criminal Justice System and Security Settings The implicit agreement hypothesis set up the composed law of the individuals, establishing the crucial merchandise and shades of malice as indicated by concurred morals. Though Locke’s goals of freedom were crude in the seventeenth century, making an agreement to administer fair treatment was the establishment for the administration sculptures. Locke’s impact for a reasonable and reliable government is available with the Constitution of the law. More prominent's benefit of the network was proposed with the composed arrangement of rules to oversee society’s checks and level of influence by political absolutism. Some would or may state that Locke’s hypothesis was imperfect in the seventeenth century; it edified the possibility of an administrative body for the individuals and presenting the significance of a composed guideline of law to make an agreement for society to keep up an arranged and organized methods for living. Individual Rights and Ethical Standards and Obligation Individual rights are the

It’s Time To Slay The High-Stakes Testing Beast

posted on June 8, 2014 We’ve booted out CCSS — but it wasn’t the biggest beast  in the room. We still have high-stakes testing, the vicious monster that is labeling, categorizing, and killing our children’s love of learning. Yes, it is time to slay the beast! You’ve all read the stories in the news: Ethan Rediske, a child dying in Florida, was  forced by his state to take its standardized test, the Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test (FCAT). The Moyers,  Oklahoma children whose parents were killed, but who would have been required to take the test the next week anyway by  the Oklahoma State Department of Education. That is, until Moyers  superintendent Donna Dudley put her foot down on Facebook. But what about the children facing the testing beast whom you don’t hear about on the news? What about the child whose sister was murdered in northeast Oklahoma City on March 30 — the day before the education rally? Hannah*  started out on the wrong foot in my seventh grade class two years ago. She was loud, unfocused, habitually tardy, and disrespectful. She had not passed the reading section of her  Oklahoma Core Curriculum Test the previous year, so she spent time in both my Focus Reading and Language Arts classes. After a few months of working with Hannah  and her mother, she made a turnaround. Hannah became a model student. When other students weren’t listening, she’d hush them. She’d be the first one to offer answers, and the first one to volunteer to help with classroom tasks and errands, such as handing out papers or running a note to the office. She would volunteer enthusiastically to read outloud in class, and showed marked improvement in her fluency. She was the first person to offer to help other struggling students in class. I was blessed to have 15-year-old Hannah  return to my Language Arts class this past school year. She started out with a STAR reading grade equivalent of 5.8,  at least a year’s growth over her scores from the previous September. By March 6, she had increased her reading level to 6.3 — a 53 point improvement on the STAR scaled score. But then everything changed. I was completely unaware of this change on  Monday, March 31, when I attended the Oklahoma Education Funding Rally at the state capitol with my own children  and a teacher from my school. After the rally, we stood  for 30 minutes in an amorphous crowd of educators waiting for buses to take them back to their vehicles at Remington Park. We decided it would be faster to walk. In retrospect, our decision to walk was probably not very bright. But it seemed like a good idea at the time. My two children, my friend, and I walked to the Subway at NE 23rd and Kelley Avenue, ate lunch, and then headed over to Eastern Avenue, where we began our trek north. That’s when we ran into the crime scene where police officers were still sweeping the parking lot  for evidence.   We caught a bus just north of the scene and I went home to read the news about what had happened the night before. The next day, Hannah was in her desk, but she was not her usual self. She put her head down, and disengaged from class. Normally, I would have insisted that she sit up, shake off the cobwebs, and get with the program. This time, however, I had a sense that something wasn’t right, that I shouldn’t bother her. I found out the next day from one of my colleagues (who heard from her students) that it was Hannah’s pregnant sister who had been gunned down Sunday night. The baby’s father was the brother of a student in one of my other classes. From that day forward, Hannah  stopped trying. She missed several days of school. She did not participate when she did attend, even though I tried gently to get her back on track. Her STAR reading test on April 18 showed a 4.8 grade equivalent. She had lost 184 points on her scaled score. High-stakes testing was not the biggest monster in Hannah’s  life. Nonetheless,  it will be the one that keeps her out of electives next year, that holds her back from graduating,  and possibly prevents her from getting a decent-paying job. Hannah has been through more than many adults could handle. Has she not already been through enough? Must we heap a label of failure on her head, too? Instead of feeding her to the testing beast while she,  and the multitude of other  students with stories like hers, are  battling the other monsters in their lives, let’s find ways to nurture them  and help them  through these  unimaginably terrible times in their  lives. The view from the ivory tower I hate to even think this, but some people might say we’d waste our time an effort on these children: Clearly, they are too far gone if they’re already making babies and getting murdered in a fight. For many advantaged people, high-stakes testing  separates the deserving poor from the undeserving poor and becomes  a policy mechanism to preserve social status more than a policy to improve  our schools. High-stakes testing subtly fits the mindset of this growing  demographic and thus makes it easier for this policy to gain purchase in  our contemporary society, according to A Short History of High-Stakes Testing by Sharon L. Nichols, an associate professor of Educational Psychology  at the University of Texas at San Antonio, and David C. Berliner, Regents Professor of Education at Arizona State University. I’ve heard people say this  before: I was able to pull myself up by my bootstraps; my family was poor, but I turned out just fine; I lost a family member, but I still graduated. But what those people fail to consider is that many  children in high poverty areas have no hope. They see parents giving in to drug addiction monsters, low-wage job monsters, and physical/mental/emotional abuse beasts. This is a far cry from the middle class, good paying job, drug-free, nuclear family environment in which many of our policy leaders  grew up. These children deserve to have hope just as much as we deserve hope. Restoring Hope for Our Children To restore the hope of these children, we must slay the high-stakes testing monster that labels them as failures: If we assume that the goal of accountability should be better education, the test-and-punish approach must be replaced by a support-and-improve model. A new approach should ensure that students get what they really need: 1) curriculum, teaching, and assessment focused on meaningful learning, 2) adequate resources that are spent wisely, and 3) professional capacity, so that teachers and school leaders develop the knowledge and skills they need to teach much more challenging content in much more effective ways, according to  It’s Time for a New Accountability in American Education. Each child is a blessing, a valuable human being who deserves to be nurtured, to be given the care and consideration we would all want for our own children. Don’t be fooled. Any of our children can choose to go down the wrong path. The difference between the children in these stories and our own children is us. Our children have parents who have their acts together, who go to work, who nurture, lead and guide them. We must nurture, lead and guide the lost children among us, too. Testing is not the way. Testing devalues all of us. Our policy makers  might say these stories I am telling you are all anecdotes, just stories that don’t have any real meaning, unlike statistics. The thing is, our children are NOT STATISTICS. They are human beings, and they all have stories. I have stories. You have stories. Our children have stories. It is my job as a teacher to listen to their stories, to teach them how to tell their stories, and how to listen  to each others’ stories. (Even if some of our education leaders think that the â€Å"real world†Ã‚  don’t give a s*** about what our children  think.) We should listen to our childrens’ stories, even those children who are daily slain, bit-by-bit, by the poverty, drug and abuse beasts. We should listen to the stories of our nation’s children and enact policies to help all of our children become the adults they are meant to be, to ensure that there is a caring adult in the lives of children, enough food in their bellies, and HOPE in their hearts so that they can grow up to be productive, thinking, contributing adults. High-stakes testing will not accomplish this. The high-stakes testing beast sorts children into categories  Ã¢â‚¬â€ losers and winners — and punishes the children, teachers, schools, and communities that have the most need. We must slay this monster. However, high stakes testing is not a beast we can take down at the local or even state level.   Our policy makers bred this monster at the national level and we must hunt it down where it lives. We must divorce high-stakes testing outcome mandates from federal monies and invest in meaningful learning, adequate school and community resources, and teacher education and growth. *Hannah is not her real name. Michelle WatersI am a secondary English Language Arts teacher, a University of Oklahoma student working on my Master’s of Education in Instructional Leadership and Academic Curriculum with an concentration in English Education, and a NBPTS candidate. I am constantly seeking ways to amplify my students’ voices and choices.

The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain - 1549 Words

The idea of freedom, in Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, is displayed as an issue that Huck and Jim must overcome to achieve a greater life. Or so they both think. As the story progresses however, it isn t as easy as they first planned. They leave to gain their freedom, but as they go on their journey, they begin to realize that it isn t as easy as they had originally thought. Through the progression that both Jim and Huck have, it becomes apparent that although their original goal was to gain freedom, the true achievement of equality is still to come. An idea that appears early on within the story is the idea that Huck and Jim are searching for their freedom together. Huck and Jim first find themselves stranded together on Jackson’s†¦show more content†¦Or so Mark Twain made it seem. We see Huck’s belief of this begin to dwindle as he tries to take advantage of Jim on various occasions. However there is a section where the reader can see that although Jim knows he is a slave, he still sees himself as equal to whites as they both argue on why people speak different languages. Well, it s a blame ridicklous way, en I doan want to hear no mo bout it. Dey ain no sense in it. Looky here, Jim; does a cat talk like we do? (82) It becomes apparent here that Jim doesn’t see the reason why some people don’t speak like others if they are all men. This is Mark Twain’s way of showing how Jim doesn’t see why if all men are the same, why are some enslaved and some aren’t. Perhaps an ev en bigger point is seen the very next page where it becomes apparent to Huck that Jim is making good points as to why Frenchmen shouldn’t speak a different language than the rest of them. Huck without having a logical reason why this would be the case gets frustrated and does something that the reader has never seen him do before, call Jim a nigger. â€Å"You can’t learn a nigger to argue so I quit† (83) This shows how although both Huck and Jim are striving for the similar goal of freedom, Huck’s (the symbol of the white man) will not allow Jim, or african americans, to be equal which is really what they are fighting for. As the story begins to progress, Huck and Jim find that much like the abolition of slavery,

Judicial Originality And The Legal System - 1515 Words

Topic 2 By: Raylen White Judicial originality is the most fundamental principle in the legal system. Judicial originality to me means being able to make a decision based off the effects. If a judge has had a case in the past similar to a current one, the judge can base his current decision using the same discretion or rule he used before. Dworkin wrote a paper about this, he argues that judges should not be able to create laws through the effect of their decisions. He has two arguments about why judicial originality is not a good thing for society. In this paper I will talk about these arguments and if Dworkin has the right to claim that this argument has no force against it. The first argument he had against judicial originality was that a community should be govern by men and women who are elected by and responsible to the majority. This means that most judges are not elected by a wide spread of the community, and if they could make their own laws they would not benefit the community. It is important that the community has a say on what should be a law and what should not be a law. If judges were to make laws that would be a contradiction to the theory of separation of powers. It would seem to be that judges are analogous to the legislature, which in fact, they are not because the legislature is elected. â€Å"Policy decisions must therefore be made through the operation of some political process designed to produce an accurate expression of the different interest thatShow MoreRelatedWhy A Property Should Be Protected Or Not : Originality And Reproducibility1413 Words   |  6 Pagestwo criteria in determining whether a property should be protected or not: originality and reproducibility. We must first understand the different nature of Chinese characters. 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Healthcare Has Developed To a Great Extent †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: How Healthcare Developed To a Great Extent? Answer: Introducation Healthcare has developed to a great extent due to the advancements in the researchers conducted over the years by eminent scientists providing evidence based approaches and procedures of handling different disorders and issues. Besides, biomedical model that provides importance to the biological factors that contribute to the disorders, it is also important to include the social and psychological models into healthcare (Sims, Hewitt Harris, 2015). The occurrence of the disorder is mainly guided by number social factors that healthcare professionals need to assess to make the correct interventions. However often working in healthcare systems is not as simple as it sounds as number of power struggles and different hierarchical disadvantages exist in healthcare systems that make treatment to patients often difficult (Flottorp et al., 2013). The essay will mainly portray the different power and hierarchical issues that exist in healthcare system and will provide more light on how such p ower and hierarchical advantages and disadvantages are experienced by different stakeholders of organisation. The sociology of health and ailments help in examining the different types of interactions that exist between health at different levels and the society from which the patient in question is associated. Different aspects of social life often act as one of the main domain that contributes the factors for different health ailments resulting in mortality as well as morbidity. Often health and illness is related nowadays with different social institutions like school, family, employment and close relationships. The sociology of medicine only restricts the concern to different patient-practitioner relationship and the role of healthcare professionals in the society (Berkman, Kawachi Glymour, 2014). However, the sociology of health and illness mainly covers the sociological pathology that mainly covers the causes of the various types of diseases and illnesses (Cameron et al., 2014). It also consists of the factors that mainly results in the occurrence of the disorder besides the biologica l factors. This often includes the income, the health behaviours and lifestyles maintained by the patients in his life, food security experienced by him, environment and housing, relationship shared with society, education and literacy, social support, connectedness, access to health care, early childhood development. A person suffering from obesity is influence by his lifestyle factors, his diet, his physical activities and others which are the main contributors to the disorder (Braveman Gottlieb, 2014). Hence considering social factors are one of the most important steps that the healthcare practitioners should consider while diagnosing the patient. Biomedical model can be considered as the model which provides a scientific measure of health and considers each human being to be a body which is free from different types of diseases, pain, and defect. Is considers the normal human body to be healthy and any diseases or disorders are the factor of biological reasons only. An individual patient is considered to be a body that is sick and can be explored, handled, and treated independently from mind and other external factors with proper biological knowledge as well as different important skills (Deacon, 2013). Such a patient according to biological model needs to be handled by medical professionals having appropriate knowledge and the treatment of the patient will be conducted for the patients in proper medical environment with correct use of medical technology. This model is established in the modern Western societies looking at ill health as mainly biological factors and had overcome the old traditional healthcare practices. Medic al practitioners undergoes many years of training so that they can gain knowledge to understand various symptoms and help people in recovering them. The authorities maintain a hospital or other clinical environments which have specialist medical equipments helping the patients to have treatment which helps them recover fast and also with much efficiency (Pincus, Chua Gibson, 2016). The authorities of such hospitals maintain a power and hierarchy along with that of the medical practitioners. Doctors hold a big power in the model and are able to maintain them with efficiency. This model provides exactly the treatment that patient seeks from a doctor and hence provides treatments and recoveries which are results of several days work as well as different evidence based examples. Although the model of care is highly appreciated but recent researchers are of the opinion that often holistic approaches along with inclusion of the biomedical model have more prominent effects on the patient than the biomedical model alone. Moreover it is also suggested nowadays that often considering the psychological, social as well as environmental influences as they often tend to affect the health of an individual besides biological factors. Researchers suggest that social model of health is also extremely important as different important factors like poverty, job related stress, poor housing, deprived neighbourhoods, pollution and different poor life choices (Kuhlman et al., 2013) . Often health factors also get governed by different cultural and societal factors and not only by science alone. Smoking, unhealthy food habits and exercises also affect health. Therefore many researchers advise to follow the bio psychosocial model in order to include all important factors in consideration in planning interventions for the patients (Aveyard, 2014). With the advancement of healthcare science a large number of chronic disorders which were previously unmanageable and untreatable have now come within the mans grip. Healthcare practitioners have been considered as representations of Almighty who have the power to save a mans life from his fate of death. Such a big power is often referred by the patients to be possessed by doctors and nurses. However the practice of power and the foundations of hierarchy are not as simple as it seems to the modern ordinary man. In the present days, the culture of multidimensional team has become major concept while treating chronic ailments. An obese patient who is admitted in the cardiac department with cardiovascular diseases and with osteoarthritis will be treated by a team of eminent professionals. Apart from the cardiac surgeons performing surgery, there will be physician making the preliminary diagnosis and regular checkups, several levels of nurses like senior registered nurses, enrolled nurse s dividing the regular caring interventions, the dietician who will be fixing the diet, the physiotherapists who will be providing the physiotherapy, the podiatrists helping with foot ulcers and many others (Boet et al., 2014). All the eminent healthcare practitioners have their own models of treatment and consider themselves to be providing the best to their patients. However here plays a silent power struggles that ordinary patients are not usually aware of. Often disagreements and conflict among the roles and the intensity of the power of the particular healthcare professionals arise. It has been researched by eminent researchers who have stated that issues with roles and roles of boundaries along with the lack of proper cumulative decision making are often observed in the Australian Healthcare systems. These implements an idea that issues of power and authority are important factors in these types of relationships and has often acted as the components that influence the patterns of hierarch and collaboration (Pecukonis, 2014). Many researches have been conducted over the year to find the main factors that had contributed to the development of such hierarchical system within the healthcare organisation in spite of every healthcare practitioner having the same aim of saving patients life and giving them a better quality life. They have come up with factors like trust and respect often acts as enablers whereas mistrust, ego clashes, perceived lack of respect, dominancy, financial strength and many others often act as barriers and are the main reason that had resulted to the rise of power struggle and hierarchical system among the different healthcare practitioners. Often researchers have used research dependency theories as well as transaction cost analysis in order to venture the different types of collaborations that arte present among different healthcare organisation in Australia. Researchers have suggested that the tactic of collaboration often depend on the function of the requirement of different resources. The organisations tend to collaborate among themselves only when they tend to require resources as often need for resources can create uncertainties and hence dependencies (Liang et al., 2014). However the organisations try their best to maintain their hierarchical position by the reduction in the dependencies at the same time for maintaining the autonomy but at the same time pursue their main interests. Researchers also suggest that dependency theory of the resources put focus on the importance of resource for different healthcare centres and also shows how concentration of resources by different organisations determines the nature o f interdependency, hierarchical status as well as the power relations that exist among the healthcare organisations. Transaction cost analysis has been used by many researchers to describe the function of governance arrangements which helps in the regulation of different relationships and also at the same time point the different uncertainties that surrounds the behaviour of different organisations particularly trustworthiness and open mindedness (Thomson et al., 2015). A strong sense of power battle and hierarchical turfs seem to exist between the power practiced by the eminent individuals of the healthcare trustees and higher authorities and the different healthcare professionals working under them in the hospitals. Scientists have described power in two categories which includes those individuals who experience the formal authority to make decisions and who control the different forms of resources. Other are the individuals who has less tangible aspects of symbolic power or the ability to control ideas and derive meanings. The power struggles that usually arise due to different types of unequal professional status usually belong to the second category of power struggles. Distribution of both intangible as well as tangible resources among different kinds of inter-organisational relationships determines the different types of strategies of engagement, like those choices of strategies that exist between the cooperation as well as conflicts. As the r esearchers are advising to include social health model and psychological model in biomedical systems making it a bio-psychosocial model, often there had been establishments of social, cultural and professionals systems and hence different power imbalances are experienced by individuals from each domain when working together (Palaganos, Epps Raemer, 2014). It has been found by researchers that doctors are the one in the hierarchy of the health care professionals who traditionally defend their own professional autonomy as well as independence and also professional status when they try to maintain relationships with other healthcare workers. Often turf wars may be of both inter professionals as well as intra-professionals. Often situational context of power are also visible where medical dominance decides the relationships between the healthcare professionals in the hospital settings. It has been seen that the Australian healthcare systems are such that it possesses two levels of government which make different types of planning, policy as well as service delivery. The system completely lacks the integration between different types of initiatives and they are completely detached from each other. Often different power practice also depends on other factors. The primary healthcare sector of Australia consists of a large number of health professions, disciplines and practitioners who work in private sectors and also in different public sectors. These sectors again vary in size and also in complexity and also receive different types of funding systems (Renedo et al., 2015). These different types of distribution of funding and resources and different types of technologies and supports often create a hierarchical inequality and hence concept of power is often apprehended by different professionals and different ways and there is lack of proper collaboration. GPs and oth er healthcare professionals in private sectors work through fee-for-service- basis whereas public health professionals through block funding arrangement (Kem Chung, 2014). Due to these systems, often there is lack of proper communication and lack of proper relationship building initiatives. This ultimately results in power struggle in the long run creating issues among healthcare practitioners Often power dynamics are explained with three different types of factors. These are the use of different professional power to protect autonomy, reduction of different professional dependency to maintain different types of power and also different powers between private as well as different public sector providers. Although many policies have been released to support more inclusion of practitioners in shared decision making with the least scope of applying powers but very few effective results were seen. Moreover the GPs were seen to engage in very low levels of collaboration with that of the other allied healthcare professionals and this often resulted in tensions and stresses among the relationships of different individuals (Ebert et al., 2014). Researchers have stated that it most secondary services bases their decisions more on their internal capacity as well as their own power and roles than the requirements of GPs and referring patients to others. These mainly arise due to powe r conflicts like having who has the power to make referral decisions. Power has been proposed to be experienced in different levels that include inter-organisational, inter-professional as well as intra-professional relationships who participate in shifting of power in the balance of power. Professional hierarchies as well as the traditional power relations are experienced by all o them and are called the dark side of organisational relationships (Mckee et al., 2013). Healthcare organisations which engage into a collaborative approach in each and every level with different stakeholders can ensure more patient safety and hence can ensure more fame and word of mouth publicity. It has been found that the teams which are formed on the basis of trust are more collaborative in their approaches. These collaboration should be based in different levels such as the between the hospital authority and the healthcare practitioners, between the authority and the technicians and the companies providing technological supports, between the different healthcare practitioners and the nurses, the different specialist and others. The better the development of trust and proper relationship bonding, the better are the chances of effective treatment of the patients reducing their suffering and providing quick services. Power struggles have always had a negative impact on the health care organisations and therefore it should be made sure that proper initiatives should be taken through policies on a urgent bass that will help in addressing this hidden power struggles and would try to minimise the harmful effects and promote better collaborative approaches in every levels. References: Aveyard, H. (2014).Doing a literature review in health and social care: A practical guide. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Berkman, L. F., Kawachi, I., Glymour, M. M. (2014).Social epidemiology. Oxford University Press. Boet, S., Bould, M. D., Layat Burn, C., Reeves, S. (2014). Twelve tips for a successful interprofessional team-based high-fidelity simulation education session.Medical teacher,36(10), 853-857. Braveman, P., Gottlieb, L. (2014). The social determinants of health: it's time to consider the causes of the causes.Public health reports,129(1_suppl2), 19-31. Cameron, A., Lart, R., Bostock, L., Coomber, C. (2014). Factors that promote and hinder joint and integrated working between health and social care services: a review of research literature.Health social care in the community,22(3), 225-233. Deacon, B. J. (2013). The biomedical model of mental disorder: A critical analysis of its validity, utility, and effects on psychotherapy research.Clinical Psychology Review,33(7), 846-861. Ebert, L., Hoffman, K., Levett-Jones, T., Gilligan, C. (2014). They have no idea of what we do or what we know: Australian graduates' perceptions of working in a health care team.Nurse education in practice,14(5), 544-550. Flottorp, S. A., Oxman, A. D., Krause, J., Musila, N. R., Wensing, M., Godycki-Cwirko, M., ... Eccles, M. P. (2013). A checklist for identifying determinants of practice: a systematic review and synthesis of frameworks and taxonomies of factors that prevent or enable improvements in healthcare professional practice.Implementation Science,8(1), 35. Kim, J., Chung, K. Y. (2014). Ontology-based healthcare context information model to implement ubiquitous environment.Multimedia Tools and Applications,71(2), 873-888. Kuhlmann, E., Burau, V., Correia, T., Lewandowski, R., Lionis, C., Noordegraaf, M., Repullo, J. (2013). A manager in the minds of doctors: a comparison of new modes of control in European hospitals.BMC Health Services Research,13(1), 246. Liang, Y., Zhou, X., Yu, Z., Guo, B. (2014). Energy-efficient motion related activity recognition on mobile devices for pervasive healthcare.Mobile Networks and Applications,19(3), 303-317. McKee, L., Charles, K., Dixon-Woods, M., Willars, J., Martin, G. (2013). Newand distributed leadership in quality and safety in health care, or oldand hierarchical? An interview study with strategic stakeholders.Journal of health services research policy,18(2_suppl), 11-19. Palaganas, J. C., Epps, C., Raemer, D. B. (2014). A history of simulation-enhanced interprofessional education.Journal of interprofessional care,28(2), 110-115. Pecukonis, E. (2014). Interprofessional education: a theoretical orientation incorporating profession-centrism and social identity theory.The Journal of Law, Medicine Ethics,42(2_suppl), 60-64. Pincus, T., Chua, J. R., Gibson, K. A. (2016). Evidence from a Multidimensional Health Assessment Questionnaire (MDHAQ) of the Value of a Biopsychosocial Model to Complement a Traditional Biomedical Model in Care of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis.Journal of Rheumatic Diseases,23(4), 212-233. Renedo, A., Marston, C. A., Spyridonidis, D., Barlow, J. (2015). Patient and Public Involvement in Healthcare Quality Improvement: How organizations can help patients and professionals to collaborate.Public Management Review,17(1), 17-34. Sims, S., Hewitt, G., Harris, R. (2015). Evidence of a shared purpose, critical reflection, innovation and leadership in interprofessional healthcare teams: a realist synthesis.Journal of Interprofessional Care,29(3), 209-215. Thomson, K., Outram, S., Gilligan, C., Levett-Jones, T. (2015). Interprofessional experiences of recent healthcare graduates: A social psychology perspective on the barriers to effective communication, teamwork, and patient-centred care.Journal of interprofessional care,29(6), 634-640.