Essay about Cloning Endangered Species only Delays...

Cloning Endangered Species only Delays Extinction Last week, scientists revealed they have successfully cloned an endangered Asian gaur -- a stocky ox-like animal with a humped back. Such a technological breakthrough provides confidence that we will soon have the endangered species problem under control. Or does it? Though the universitys burgeoning squirrel population seems to indicate otherwise, species extinction is a grave problem in most parts of the world. Species are imperiled by myriad causes, but the four main perpetrators are habitat destruction and alteration, exotic or invasive species, overhunting and pollution. The gravest threat is the loss of physical habitat: The clearing or large-scale alteration of†¦show more content†¦Unless we rapidly restore large tracts of their natural habitat, giant pandas are doomed. Some people will argue that pandas are not extinct until the last individual -- wild or captive -- is dead. But representation in zoos does not substitute for a natural existence. Nor does it satisfy future generations -- some of whom will certainly wish to see the magnificent animals in their native habitats. And a life of captivity is certainly not the best solution for the pandas themselves. The scientists responsible for the cloning did not claim that their technology would single-handedly solve the biodiversity crisis. And unless the gaur --Noah -- suffers species confusion from being birthed by a domestic cow, his addition will certainly be a small help in the attempt to stave off extinction. But before we throw our money into technological solutions, we should consider the opportunity costs. While the funds for such efforts come from biotechnology firms -- who benefit from flashy stunts such as cloning -- environmentalists will take all that they can get. But the moment governments start investing precious conservation dollars into these techno-fixes, environmentalists will go up in arms. They already know how to protect endangered species. For the cost of one gaur clone -- this involved a team of scientists creating 81 embryos and transferring them into 32 domesticShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Cloning2221 Words   |  9 Pagesdifferentiation would reduce the genetic information contained within a cell. This theory pervaded until 1902 when the German embryologist Hans Spelmann showed how split salamander embryos could still grow to adulthood (LaPensee, 2012). The past of cloning has many significant events. The first significant event occurred in 1996 when Ian Wilmut , Keith Campbell and colleagues create the first cloned mammal, a sheep they named Dolly (Back Story, 2013). In 2001, President George W. Bush banned federalRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesauthors have brought their wealth of experience and understanding and provided the field with an imaginative resource to address the dynamics between theory and practice. Dr Susanne Tietze, Bradford University, UK The key to success for managers is not only to be result oriented but also to be wise in their decision making. This requires that they have a deeper than superficial understanding of management and organization issues. McAuley et al. helps student and managers understand organizational performance

Taming Of The Shrew Vs Antigone Essay - 1122 Words

The definition of a hero is a person, who in the opinion of others, has special achievements, abilities, or personal qualities, and is regarded as a role model. (Dictionary.com) In the two plays and movie, Taming of the Shrew, Antigone, and The Long Walk Home, there are many heroic characters such as, Kate from Taming of the Shrew, Antigone from Antigone, and Miriam Thompson from The Long Walk Home. Taming of the Shrew is a play that tells of a tale of one of two sisters, Kate and Bianca, trying to get suitors to marry. However, their dad says that the younger sister, Bianca, can not get married until the older sister, Kate, gets married first. The problem with this is that many people would consider Kate to be a shrew, which means†¦show more content†¦To further show her ability to persevere, she made it through Petruchio’s taming process, and came out of that process a tame wife. Petruchio was starving and sleep depriving Kate. When they got to the house after the wedding, Petruchio would not let her eat the perfectly fine meat, and said that it was not good enough for her. Then when she tried to sleep, Petruchio would start to argue her, and was throwing the bedding around the room, preventing her from being able to sleep. This shows her diligence and fortitude to be able to figure out how to play Petruchio’s game, and all of this shows heroism to be able to save herself from going insane. However, what makes her the least heroic is the ways she stood up for herself were always rude as well as demeaning towards others, and she only used her strength and heroic capabilities for herself. Antigone was one of the more heroic characters because she stood up for herself and her beliefs in a male dominated society where a woman standing up for herself is highly discouraged. Antigone’s uncle, Creon, made a law that stated that her brother, Polynices, could not have a proper burial because he fought against the city of Thebes. This wou ld be against Antigone’s moral convictions because in her religion, if someone did not have the proper burial, they would not get an afterlife. With that being said, Antigone went against her uncle’s law and buried her brother

Frankenstein Theme of The Other Free Essays

One of the greatest corresponding attributes between Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and modern day society is the prominence of appearance and acceptance in society. Throughout modern day society and the society portrayed in Frankenstein, a person is judged primarily on appearance. Social prejudices are commonly founded from appearance, ranging from skin color to weight. We will write a custom essay sample on Frankenstein: Theme of The Other or any similar topic only for you Order Now Perceptions are then based off of these prejudices. A person will then act a certain way towards the person the prejudices are based off of. The parallel drawn between the societies is that they are very appearance-based, which is brought to the attention in contrast of the hideous monster and the common human being. The â€Å"Other† is an individual recognized by a community as not belonging, as being unusual in an essential way that differentiates from everyone else in the group. The group or community sees itself and its members as the norm and those who differ from the norm, as the Other. Identified as lacking fundamental characteristics possessed by the group, the Other is usually always seen as lesser or inferior and treated consequently. The group defining the Other may be an entire society, a social class, a community within a society, or even a local gang. (Melani 1) The Other is not essentially a numerical minority. In a country or territory is over taken by a regal power, the more numerous natives can become the Other, for instance, the British rule in India where the native Indians outnumbered the British 4,000 to 1. (Melani 1) Likewise, women are classified and judged by men, the dominant group or persons, in relationship to themselves, so that they become the Other. Hence Aristotle states: â€Å"The female is a female by virtue of a certain lack of qualities; we should regard the female nature as afflicted with a natural defectiveness. † (Melani 1) The outsider is a term that is commonly confused with the Other, but they are not identical. The outsider may have the opportunity to be accepted by and incorporated into the group. The Other, however, is distinguished as different in kind, as lacking in some fundamental trait or traits sets the individual apart from the group. Therefore the Other is doomed forever to remain separate and desolate, to forever remain outside of the group unless the group’s outlook is subject to change. (Melani 1) In Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, the creature, opposed by his maker and rejected by society, exemplifies otherness. Along with the fact that he serves as a converse example of natural reproduction, the monster has an extremely grotesque appearance resulting in severe isolation and eventually leading to his implacable and callous behavior. In Frankenstein, beauty is considered a virtue of good, while deformity and ugliness are inescapably associated with evil. In many instances, the monster’s repulsiveness is equated with him being evil. After fleeing from the first sight of the conscious monster, Victor states: â€Å"I stepped fearfully in: the apartment was empty, and my bedroom was also freed from its hideous guest. I could hardly believe that so great a good fortune could have befallen me, but when I became assured that my enemy had indeed fled, I clapped my hands for joy and ran down to Clerval. (Shelley 52) Victor implies that just because the monster, that he created, is hideous, he must be his enemy. Even the creator of the beast fails to give him one chance at acceptance to society and the world. This theme only begins here. When the monster confronts the William, Victor’s youngest brother, William exclaims: â€Å"`Let me go,’ he cried; `monster! Ugly wretch! You wish to eat me and tear me to pieces. You are an ogre. Let me go, or I will tell my papa. † (Shelley 144) The monster only faces further isolation as not even the young boy will give him a chance to be accepted before concluding him a wretch. Even when the monster saves the life of a girl drowning in a river, as a result of his appearance, he is not rewarded, but shot due to assumptions made from because of his appearance. â€Å"This was then the reward of my benevolence! I had saved a human being from destruction, and as a recompense I now writhed under the miserable pain of a wound which shattered the flesh and bone. Inflamed by pain, I vowed eternal hatred and vengeance to all mankind. † (Shelley 143) The monster shows here that even when seen doing a good deed, he is still rejected by society and proclaimed evil, based off his external features. The division of beauty and repulsiveness as related to good and evil stem from the novel’s Romantic influences. The monster eventually realizes his place in the world. He begins to embrace his isolation and position as the Other. Once learning how to read, he begins to decipher Victor’s journal during the creation of the monster: â€Å"Accursed creator! Why did you form a monster so hideous that even YOU turned from me in disgust? God, in pity, made man beautiful and alluring, after his own image; but my form is a filthy type of yours, more horrid even from the very resemblance. Satan had his companions, fellow devils, to admire and encourage him, but I am solitary and abhorred. † (Shelley 131) The monster, now aware that his own creator is horrified by his existence, becomes increasingly anguished about his position in the world. â€Å"I am malicious because I am miserable. Am I not shunned and hated by all mankind? You, my creator, would tear me to pieces and triumph, remember that, and tell me why I should pity man more than he pities me? † (Shelley 147) The monster, abandoned by his God and unable to find a place in the world, admits here to Victor that his callous deeds were products of his grave desolation. The monster is unable to identify his purpose of existence. â€Å"I was dependent on none and related to none. The path of my departure was free, and there was none to lament my annihilation. My person was hideous and my stature gigantic. What did this mean? Who was I? What was I? These questions continually recurred, but I was unable to solve them. † (Shelley 141) Unable to make sense of his being, he questions Victor on his purpose for life. Why was he created to live a life of such inconceivable misery? From the text, we can learn that one should never judge someone by mainly appearance but by the content of their character. Frankenstein had a loving and compassionate soul inside of his hideous exterior. Sadly, Victor had to learn this lesson the hard way through the monster’s heinous path of destruction in his hunt for revenge. Others’ are still being distinguished to this day in modern society. Others today are being distinguished by race, social class and even sexual orientation. Insiders, or those seperate of the norm in society, specifically American society, generally share uniform traits such as origin of birth and success by economic terms. (Melani 1) The Others are those who are either poor or who, in some way, do not share the general values of American society. The parallel that attractive people are more likely to be accepted in society stems from the influence from the media. The media tells society what is and what isn’t attractive. Amanda Grable writes because man lives in society and is rarely secluded, man forms the majority of its ideas of self based on comparisons made from external stimuli. (Grable 1) This external stimuli can be made up of images of ones self in comparison of images of other people. It is commonly known that the main goal of most media is centered on advertisement, or a way to win customers over to buy their products. One of the universal ways this is accomplished is through showing images of attractive, happy people using these products. A study of 4,294 network commercials revealed that 1 out of every 3. 8 commercials send some sort of â€Å"attractiveness message,† (Grable 2) With all this dependency on self image, it’s hard not to see why humans are so quick to judge solely off of appearance. People in society are always creating sets of differences to differentiate between one another; from skin color, weight or even fashion sense. Self image is the underlying back bone of society. Judgments are consistently being made on one’s appearance by every member in society. This is the parallel drawn within modern day society and the novel. How to cite Frankenstein: Theme of The Other, Essay examples

Population Health and the Environment

Question: Discuss about the Population Health and the Environment? Answer: Methods of science and research used in the study of environmental health Scientific methods used for the study of environmental health include quantitative methods which include analysis based on mathematical-statistical models of numeric data as well as qualitative methods which comprise of analysis of texts, participatory approaches and interpretive procedures for comprehending. The first type of research on environmental health that is commonly observed is the health study of a community, which includes studying the environmental health hazards by directly investigating them. Scientists typically collaborate with epidemiologists in this type of a study. The main task of such researchers is hazard characterization, exposure quantification, as well as identification of deleterious effects on health. To a great extent, community collaboration is involved in this epidemiological research (Quigley et al. 2000). Some other techniques include focus groups, structured interviewing, policy analysis, content analysis of documents and media analysis. The effects of environmental hazards on health, including radiation, air particulates, high voltage lines and chemicals are studied by environmental epidemiology. Research in environmental justice includes measurement of class and discrepancies in diseases and in exposure to environmental hazards. Ways scientists and researchers evaluate the level of the danger environmental hazards have on population health Exposure to several chemicals from environmental sources such as water and air pollutants, cleaning products, pesticides and food additives is experienced by every individual on a daily basis. Most of of these chemicals are hazardous to human health; however ascertaining exposures as well as deciding the risk levels they pose is a meticulous procedure. Some contaminants have been confirmed to have injurious affects on a range of human organs, for example the respiratory or the reproductive systems, as well as cause impairment in certain vital functions such as the development of the foetus. On the basis of proof from various studies such as ecological, epidemiological and toxicological, health experts suppose a lot other chemicals that are probable hazards to individuals. Risk assessment is the method of setting up hazards to the environment as well as individuals from radiation, technologies, chemicals or other agents and contaminants which may influence welfare and health. Its a br anch of a broader method known as risk analysis that also involves policy development to risk management once they are recognized as well as measured. Assessments of exposures explain how regularly contact happens, its lasting time period, and its strength (which means how much the contaminant is concentrated), as well as the path by which they penetrate the body. Estimating delivered doses is central to exposure assessment as the delivered dose is the measurement most directly linked to expected damages due to exposure. The most general processes are by means of PBPK (Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic) models or measuring blood concentrations. This method replicates the course of time of the concentration of tissue that is contaminated in individuals by separating the body into a series of sections on the basis of how rapidly they absorb and discharge the matter. Values which have been recognized for respiration which is a physical function are used to determine how rapidly the chemical will pass from a body of an individual and the amount that will be accumulated, metabolized, and disposed at different phases. Environmental contaminants are the reason for a number of detrimental consequences besides cancer, for instance birth defects, toxicity, harm to other organs and physical systems and diminished function of the immune system. In case of non-carcinogens, researchers suppose that a threshold subsists less than which no detrimental effects are possible to arise in humans. NOAEL or no observable adverse effects level is firstly recognized by scientists to quantify these values, which is the maximum exposure amid all available observations at which no lethal result was seen. Subsequently the NOAEL is divided by one or more factors of uncertainty, that normally range from ten to thousand, on the basis of the data quality that was utilized to quantify the no observable adverse effects level and on how near it is to determined exposures to human. Various health risks found in the natural environment Environmental factors are a root reason of a considerable burden of disease, mainly in developing nations. An estimated twenty five percent of disease and death worldwide, and almost thirty five percent in areas for instance sub-Saharan Africa, is correlated to environmental risks. Some environmental factors such as unsafe drinking water, poor sanitation and hygiene, urban air pollutions, unintentional acute poisoning, climate change are among the numerous factors responsible for deterioration of human health. Threats can present themselves to us in an assortment of ways such as water, air. The affect these might have on the health of people is extremely complicated and a persons genetic makeup, psychological factors and our observations of the hazards that they portray might adjust it. Significant matters regarding physical perils consist of those concerning health effects of ionising radiation and electromagnetic radiation. If the occupational environment is excluded, then noise an d other physical perils might portray trouble to a number of occupants, as well as cause impairment of general comfort. Deafness is not usually caused due to environmental noise however prominent exemptions might involve "personal stereos" and loud discotheques. If tobacco smoking is seen as an environmental threat then it possibly stands for the sole largest recognized chemical danger to health that is airborne, if quantified in terms of rate of ill-health (from lung cancer, other lung disease for instance emphysema and chronic bronchitis, and heart disease, particularly, and of blood vessels and various body parts) or death. Non-smokers who are passively exposed to side stream smoke of tobacco, are severely affected as well. Other pollutants that arise due to excessive combustion of coal, liquid petroleum etc. cause asthma, bronchitis and various types of cancer. Incineration also leads to production of harmful substances like dioxins. Other source of environmental hazards is wate r. It might lead to leaching of lead from pipes particularly in the case of soft water. Neurological functions might be affected at relatively small but measurable level as suggested by epidemiological evidences, also these levels are generally considered acceptable but clearly arent (Agius, 2007). Many people living in the low-income strata face daily challenges including import of safe drinking water, food and other supplies and the proper excreta transport and other harmful waste products far from the settlement (Kjellstrom, 2007). The improper fashion in which these basic amenities are being provided tends to be a major cause of fatal diseases. Thus, problem-solving exercise including ethical analysis for decision-making in environmental health, action planning exercise, encouraging activities to classify, manage and avert environmental health issues comprising of recognizing impediments and resources are some of the ways through which environmental and the threats they pose can be countered. The role of U.S. government agencies in managing the incidence of infectious disease A continuing peril to all individuals all over the globe, regardless of gender, age, ethnic background, lifestyle or socioeconomic status is infectious diseases (Institute of Medicine). Suffering and death, along with severe financial burden are caused by these diseases. Even though modern advances for instance vaccines and antibiotics have helped in conquering a number of diseases, novel ones are emerging constantly (for example, Lyme disease and HIV/AIDS), while others recur in drug-resistant variety (for instance, tuberculosis and malaria). Preventing Emerging Infectious Diseases: A Strategy for the 21st Century (CDC) explains ways that can be implemented to move toward comprehending Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC's) image of a world in which people, societies as well as nations unite in a general attempt to battle present rising infectious diseases and avert the ones which might occur in the future. The quarantine program of CDC also coordinates with the U.S. Depa rtment of Agriculture (USDA), Department of Interior, FDA and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services to guarantee that other probable human disease carriers (animals and food) are appropriately handled. A framework of guidance for worldwide endeavours is the amended International Health Regulations (IHR 2005), an international agreement through which the member states of the WHO are legally bound that necessitates nations to form a lowest capacity stage to identify, measure, inform and account possible outburst and other crisis of public health as well as that plans the methods for accounting, examining, and reacting to these dangers at the global level. Additionally supervising the IHR and backing up its execution in nations globally, a central role is played by the WHO in case of outbreaks of disease. Other organizations with vital functions comprise the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE); as a number of EIDs originate in animals, FAO and the WTO; as safe practices of trade can a ssist in preventing and addressing outbursts. A new Global Health Security Agenda, was declared by the U.S. government in FEBRUARY, 2014, which is a 5-year (2014-2018) attempt to hasten development of a planet harmless and protected from hazards of diseases that are infectious, commenced in corporation with multilateral institutions, governments of other nations as well as private and public stakeholders. As echoed in the global and national health policy documents of the U.S., persistent engagement of U.S. in an attempt to diminish the danger and possible effects of emerging infectious diseases would be important for human health worldwide as well as to guard the security and comfort of American citizens in the country as well as overseas. To advance the preparedness of EID, the U.S. has further opportunities for the U.S which comprise of: abiding by the promises laid out in the Global Health Security Agenda, the U.S. global health investments being leveraged to further reinforce health systems, strengthening nation ownership of EID attempts by aiding nations to reach their IHR commitments, and advance the methods for technical and scientific co-operation among nations, chiefly in sight of difficulties and barriers that have delayed worldwide outburst exposure and reaction in the past. References: Agius, R. (2007). What effects can the Environment have on Health? Retrieved 20 January, 2016, from https://www.agius.com/hew/resource/introeh.htm CDC. Preventing emerging infectious diseases: a strategy for the 21st century. Atlanta, GA: CDC, in press. Institute of Medicine. (1992). Emerging infections: microbial threats to health in the United States. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Kjellstrom, T, Friel, S, Dixon, J, Corvalan, C, Rehfuess, E, Lendrum, D. C, Gore, F Bartram,J. (2007). Urban Environmental Health Hazards and Health Equity. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 84, 1, pp. 186-197. Quigley D, Handy D, Goble R, Sanchez V, George P. (2000). Participatory research strategies in nuclear risk management for native communities. J Health Commun 5:305-331. The Habitable Planet. Risk, Exposure, and Health. Retrieved on 20 January, 2016, from https://www.learner.org/courses/envsci/unit/pdfs/unit6.pdf The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. (2014).The U.S. Government Global Emerging Infectious Disease Preparedness and Response. Retrieved on 20 January, 2016 from https://kff.org/global-health-policy/fact-sheet/the-u-s-government-global-emerging-infectious-disease-preparedness-and-response/#footnote-92191-13 World Health Organization. (2016). Priority environment and health risks. Retrieved January, 19, 2016, from https://www.who.int/heli/risks/en/ Yassi A, Kjellstrom T, de Kok T, Guidotti TL. (2001). Basic Environmental Health. New York: Oxford University Press.